As global tensions rise, the Antarctic Treaty’s future is debated in Milan. Canada’s historic expedition highlights climate and political challenges.
Historic Treaty Tested by Geopolitical Shifts
For over six decades, the Antarctic Treaty has stood as a rare example of international cooperation, preserving Antarctica for peaceful scientific research and banning military and mining activities. This year, as representatives from 58 nations gather in Milan, Italy from June 23 to July 3, 2025, the treaty faces unprecedented strain amid growing geopolitical rivalries and environmental threats.
Canadian Expedition Highlights Urgency
In March, Canada launched its first all-Canadian Antarctic expedition aboard HMCS Margaret Brooke. Fifteen polar scientists, supported by the Royal Canadian Navy, spent weeks conducting research and visiting international research stations. The mission aimed to boost Canada’s scientific profile and strengthen its case for full voting rights within the treaty framework.
Milan Meeting: A Crucial Crossroads
The annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) in Milan brings together signatory nations, observers, and experts to discuss the continent’s future. Only 29 of the 58 signatories—those with consultative status—can vote on treaty decisions, a privilege Canada is actively seeking. However, Russia has blocked Canada’s bid, demanding that its ally Belarus be granted the same status, complicating consensus at a critical moment.
Climate Change Accelerates Antarctic Risks
Antarctica’s glaciers are retreating and sea ice has hit near-record lows, contributing to global sea level rise. Scientists warn that changes in the Southern Ocean’s carbon absorption capacity could disrupt climate regulation worldwide. “What happens in Antarctica doesn’t remain in Antarctica,” said Thomas James, chief scientist on the Canadian expedition, underscoring the global stakes.
Security and Sovereignty Concerns Grow
Canada’s increased military presence in the Arctic and its recent Antarctic mission reflect rising concerns over sovereignty and security in polar regions. Vice-Admiral Angus Topshee noted that understanding geopolitical dynamics at the South Pole is essential for protecting Canada’s own northern interests. The stability of the Antarctic Treaty—once taken for granted—is now openly questioned by officials and scientists alike.
Navigating an Uncertain Future
As the Margaret Brooke navigated treacherous Antarctic waters, the crew faced rapidly changing ice conditions, mirroring the unpredictability of the continent’s political and environmental future. The Milan meeting will test whether nations can uphold the treaty’s legacy of peace and science, or if rising tensions will fracture a fragile consensus that has endured since the Cold War.
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